JDBC, JPA, Hibernate, Spring Data JPA

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Looking at it in terms of layers:

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity): The API (interface) Java provides for accessing a database.

JPA (Java Persistence API): The standard specification for Java ORM technology (interface).

Hibernate: One of the implementations of JPA.

Spring Data JPA: Abstracts JPA implementations one level further, letting you focus more on business logic. However, this makes it harder to write DB-independent code. It uses the Repository interface.

---

	implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
	implementation 'mysql:mysql-connector-java:8.0.28'

When you add the spring-data-jpa dependency,

even if you’re not doing any actual DB work and just want to test JPA implementation code, you still need to specify a dataSource for it to run.

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://192.168.1.4:3306/test
spring.datasource.username=root
spring.datasource.password=1234
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

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